اگر میخواهید درباره اتفاقات، افراد یا شرایطی که در گذشته وجود داشتهاند صحبت کنید، باید از فعل be در زمان گذشته استفاده کنید که جزء سرفصلهای سطح A2 است. در زمان گذشته، فعل be فقط دو شکل دارد:
- was
- were
یادگیری تفاوت این دو شکل بسیار مهم است، زیرا تقریباً در تمام مکالمهها و نوشتههای انگلیسی به آنها نیاز خواهید داشت.
تفاوت was و were چیست؟
انتخاب was یا were فقط به فاعل جمله بستگی دارد.
از was برای این فاعلها استفاده میکنیم:
- I
- He
- She
- It
- اسمهای مفرد
از were برای این فاعلها استفاده میکنیم:
- You
- We
- They
- اسمهای جمع
اگر این قانون ساده را به خاطر بسپارید، انتخاب فعل مناسب بسیار آسان خواهد بود.
استفاده از was
هر زمان فاعل جمله I، he، she، it یا یک اسم مفرد باشد، از was استفاده میکنیم.
I was at home yesterday.
He was very tired.
She was a teacher.
It was cold last night.
My brother was at school.
استفاده از were
اگر فاعل جمله you، we، they یا یک اسم جمع باشد، باید از were استفاده کنید.
We were happy.
They were late.
You were right.
The students were in the classroom.
My parents were at work.
کاربرد فعل be در زمان گذشته
صحبت درباره مکان
اگر بخواهید بگویید کسی یا چیزی در گذشته کجا بوده است، از was یا were استفاده میکنید.
I was at home.
They were in the park.
She was at the office.
توصیف افراد یا اشیا در گذشته
برای بیان ظاهر، ویژگی یا وضعیت افراد و اشیا در گذشته نیز از فعل be استفاده میشود.
He was young.
The weather was beautiful.
The room was clean.
They were busy.
بیان احساسات
برای گفتن احساسات در گذشته نیز از was و were استفاده میکنیم.
I was happy.
She was nervous.
We were excited.
They were tired.
بیان شغل، ملیت یا هویت
همانطور که در زمان حال از am، is و are استفاده میکنیم، در زمان گذشته نیز از was و were استفاده میشود.
He was a doctor.
She was a student.
They were Canadian.
My grandfather was a farmer.
منفی کردن was و were
برای منفی کردن، فقط not را بعد از فعل قرار میدهیم.
I was not at home.
He was not tired.
They were not ready.
We were not late.
در مکالمه معمولاً از شکلهای کوتاه استفاده میشود.
- wasn’t = was not
- weren’t = were not
She wasn’t busy.
They weren’t at school.
سوالی کردن was و were
برای ساختن سؤال، جای فعل و فاعل را عوض میکنیم.
Was she happy?
Were they at home?
Was it cold yesterday?
Were you busy?
پاسخ کوتاه
در انگلیسی معمولاً به این سؤالها پاسخ کوتاه میدهیم.
Was he at school?
- Yes, he was.
- No, he wasn’t.
Were they tired?
- Yes, they were.
- No, they weren’t.
قیدهای زمانی رایج
در جملههای گذشته معمولاً از این کلمات استفاده میشود:
- yesterday
- last night
- last week
- last month
- last year
- two days ago
- a few minutes ago
- in 2020
I was busy yesterday.
We were in London last year.
She was here two hours ago.
وجود این کلمات معمولاً نشان میدهد که جمله درباره گذشته صحبت میکند.
اشتباهات رایج زبانآموزان
❌ I were happy.
✅ I was happy.
❌ They was at home.
✅ They were at home.
❌ He were tired.
✅ He was tired.
❌ We was late.
✅ We were late.
تفاوت am، is، are با was و were
همانطور که در درس گفتار انواع فعل be در انگلیسی آمده، در زمان حال از am، is و are استفاده میکنیم.
I am tired.
She is at home.
They are ready.
اما اگر همان جملهها درباره گذشته باشند، باید از was یا were استفاده کنیم.
I was tired.
She was at home.
They were ready.
به همین دلیل، اولین قدم برای انتخاب فعل درست این است که مشخص کنید جمله درباره حال است یا گذشته.
جمعبندی
فعل be در زمان گذشته فقط دو شکل دارد:
- was برای I، he، she، it و اسمهای مفرد
- were برای you، we، they و اسمهای جمع
از این دو فعل برای صحبت درباره مکان، احساسات، شغل، هویت، ویژگیها و وضعیت افراد یا اشیا در گذشته استفاده میکنیم.
اگر تفاوت was و were را بهخوبی یاد بگیرید، میتوانید درباره بسیاری از اتفاقات و شرایط گذشته بهسادگی جمله بسازید و پایه محکمی برای یادگیری زمان گذشته ساده در زبان انگلیسی داشته باشید.
